evaluation of a low‑cost and low‑noise active dry electrode for long‑term biopotential recording

wet ag/agcl electrodes, although very popular in clinical diagnosis, are not appropriate for expanding applications of wearable biopotential recording systems which are used repetitively and for a long time. here, the development of a low‑cost and low‑noise active dry electrode is presented. the performance of the new electrodes was assessed for recording electrocardiogram (ecg) and electroencephalogram (eeg) in comparison with that of typical gel‑based electrodes in a series of long‑term recording experiments. the ecg signal recorded by these electrodes was well comparable with usual ag/agcl electrodes with a correlation up to 99.5% and mean power line noise below 6.0 µvrms. the active electrodes were also used to measure alpha wave and steady state visual evoked potential by recording eeg. the recorded signals were comparable in quality with signals recorded by standard gel electrodes, suggesting that the designed electrodes can be employed in eeg‑based rehabilitation systems and brain‑computer interface applications. the mean power line noise in eeg signals recorded by the active electrodes (1.3 µvrms) was statistically lower than when conventional gold cup electrodes were used (2.0 µvrms) with a significant level of 0.05, and the new electrodes appeared to be more resistant to the electromagnetic interferences. these results suggest that the developed low‑cost electrodes can be used to develop wearable monitoring systems for long‑term biopotential recording.